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- PHYTOCHEMICAL (AND BIOLOGICAL)SCREENINGFarnsworth, N.R., Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Plants, J. Pharm. Sci., 1966.Cannell, R.J.P., Natural Product Isolation, 1998.
- AN ILLUSTRATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING FIELD TRIPTO WEST SUMATRA
- PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
- - SIMPLE- RAPID- MINIMUM EQUIPMENT- SELECTIVE- ..PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING METHODSGet complete information from the journal.
- PHYTOCHEMICALS: MAJOR CATEGORIESCarbohydrates Lipids Amino acids &derivatives Phenoliccompounds Terpenoids Steroids Alkaloidsmonosaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides
- PHYTOCHEMICALS: MAJOR CATEGORIESCarbohydrates Lipids Amino acids &derivatives Phenoliccompounds Terpenoids Steroids Alkaloidsfatty acids oils (triacylglycerols) waxes alkamides (includingisobutylamides)
- PHYTOCHEMICALS: MAJOR CATEGORIESCarbohydrates Lipids Amino acids &derivatives Phenoliccompounds Terpenoids Steroids Alkaloidssulfur compounds (Garlic)glucosinolates cyanogenic glycosides 5-HTP amines enzymes
- PHYTOCHEMICALS: MAJOR CATEGORIESCarbohydrates Lipids Amino acids &derivatives Phenoliccompounds Terpenoids Steroids Alkaloidssimple phenols phenolic acids phenylpropanoids coumarins lignans stilbenoids xanthones styrylpyrones flavonoids isoflavonoids benzofurans chromones quinones phloroglucinols
- PHYTOCHEMICALS: MAJOR CATEGORIESCarbohydrates Lipids Amino acids &derivatives Phenoliccompounds Terpenoids Steroids Alkaloidsmonoterpenes sesquiterpenes essential oils diterpenes triterpenes & saponins tetraterpenes(carotenoids)
- PHYTOCHEMICALS: MAJOR CATEGORIESCarbohydrates Lipids Amino acids &derivatives Phenoliccompounds Terpenoids Steroids Alkaloidssteroidal saponins phytosterols cardiac glycosides
- PHYTOCHEMICALS: MAJOR CATEGORIESCarbohydrates Lipids Amino acids &derivatives Phenoliccompounds Terpenoids Steroids Alkaloidsbetalain alkaloids diterpenoid alkaloids indole alkaloids isoquinoline alkaloids methylxanthines monoterpenoid alkaloids peptide alkaloids pyrrolidine alkaloids piperidine alkaloids pyrrolizidine alkaloids quinoline alkaloids quinolizidine alkaloids tropane alkaloids
- GENERAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETECTION OF VARIOUS PHYTOCHEMICAL GROUPSNone of these reactions is specific.Structural similarities with compound of completely different types may result in false-positive reactions.A compound may occur in too low concentration that give a negativereaction.Cannell, 356-KUSMARDIYAN
- EXTRACTIONMethod: Continuous extraction using Soxhlet apparatusPowder of crude drugHexane Extract MarcEthylacetate Extract MarcMethanol Extract Marc---------------------------------QUALITY ASPECTS OF BAWANG TIWAI [ELEUTHERINE AMERICANA (AUBL.) MERR.] BULB AS A NATURAL MEDICINE------------------------------
- PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENINGAlkaloid + - +Flavonoid + - +Quinone + + -Tannin + - +Steroid/Triterpenoid + + -Saponin - - -CRUDEDRUGHEXANEEXTRACTMETHANOL EXTRACT-----------QUALITY ASPECTS OF BAWANG TIWAI [ELEUTHERINE AMERICANA (AUBL.) MERR.] BULB AS A NATURAL MEDICINE-----------
- 1ALKALOIDS
- ALKALOIDSFalse-positive reactions with: coumarins, polyphenols, purines, amino acids, proteins, and other nitrogenous compounds.Not all alkloids give a positive reaction because of structural idiosyncracies.False-negative reactions with: quarternairy alkaloids, amine oxidesPyridine Piperidine PyrrolidineImidazoleTropaneQuinolineIsoquinolinePurineIndole
- DIFFERENTIAL SOLUBILITY OFTHE SALTS AND BASES IN WATERAND ORGANIC SOLVENTSPOWDERED DRUGMARC ORGANIC PHASEORGANIC PHASEAQUEOUS PHASEAQUEOUS PHASE ORGANIC PHASEIN ALKALINE MEDIUMbase (NH4OH, Na2CO3, etc)organic solvent not missible with water (CHCl3, CH2Cl2, Et2O, etc.)1dilute acid (HCl, H2SO4, etc.)2baseorganic solvent3Bruneton, 795.alkaloids, lipids, pigments,alkaloid salts neutral alkaloidsquarternary alkaloidstotal basic alkaloids
- ALKALOID TEST METHODS USED IN PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING1. ACIDIC OR AQUEOUS EXTRACTS2. ACIDIC OR AQUEOUS EXTRACT, FOLLOWED BY ALKALI TREATMENT, IMMISCIBLE SOLVENT REACTION, AND PARTITION WITH DILUTE ACID.3. ALCOHOL EXTRACTION FOLLOWED BY CONCENTRATING AND ADDITION OF ACID.4. EXTRACTION OF ALKALINIZED SAMPLE WITH ORGANIC SOLVENT.5. . CHROMATOGRAPHY
- CLASSIFICATION OF ALKALOID PRECIPITANTS1. REACT WITH BASIC COMPOUNDS TO FORM INSOLUBLE SALTS2. REACT WITH ALKALOIDS AS LOOSE COMPLEXES TO FORM PRECIPITATES3. REACT TO FORM INSOLUBLE ADDITION PRODUCTS THROUGH THE ALKALOID NITROGEN4. REACT THROUGH THE ATTRACTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS WITH BASIC ALKALOIDS TO FORM INSOLUBLE SALTSsilicotungstic, phosphomolybdic, and phosphotungstic acids.Wagners and Bouchardats reagents.Mayers, Valsers, Marmes, and Dragendorffs reagentsHagers (picric acid)
- Farnsworth
- - Dissolve 8.0 g Bi(NO3)3.H2O in 30%w/v HNO3 and 27.2 g KI in 50mL water.- Combine the solution and stand for 24h.- Filter and make up with water to 100 mL.- Use only in acid solutions where an orange-brownish precipitate will appear.- The alkaloid may be recovered by treatment with sodium carbonate and subsequent extraction with ethyl ether. This reaction may also be performed on a filter paper or on a TLC plate by adding a drop of the reagents onto a spot of the sampleDRAGENDORFF REAGENT: drop test reagent VS spray reagentModifications:Munier and Macheboeuf Thies and ReutherCheck for this one:Compare with these reagents:
- Stahl, E., 874
- FALSE-POSITIVE REACTIONS WITH DRAGENDORFFLloydia, (1962) 25, 316-318.
- MINIMUM STRUCTURAL FEATURES NEEDED FOR A POSITIVE REACTION WITH DRAGENDORFFLloydia, (1962) 25, 318.
- NEGATIVE REACTION WITH DRAGENDORFFLloydia, (1962) 25, 318.
- FALSE-POSITIVE REACTIONS WITH DRAGENDORFFLloydia, (1962) 25, 316-318.CONYUGATED CARBONYL (KETONE OR ALDEHYDE) OR LACTONE FUNCTIONS ?
- -Dissolve 1.36 g HgCl2 in 60 mL water and 5 g KI in 10 mL water. -Combine both solution and make up with water to 100 mL. -Add a few drops to an acidic solution (HCl or diluted H2SO4) containing the alk. -If alkaloids are present, a white to yellowish precipitate will appear.Notes: the precipitate may be redissolved by AcOH or EtOH in the solution or excess of reagent.MAYER REAGENT- Dissolve 1.27 g I2 (sublimed) and 2 g KI in 20 mL water - Make up with water to 100 mL. - A brown precipitate in acidic solution will suggest the presence of alkaloids.WAGNER REAGENT- Add 0.2 hydroxylamine to a saturated solution of 4% ammonium reineckate, - Acidify with dilute HCl. - A pink precipitate will appear if alkaloids are present. - The precipitate is soluble in 50% acetone that may also be used to recrystallize it.AMMONIUM REINECKATEDiscuss the following reagents:
- Farnsworth, 250Structures of false-positive alkaloid reactions
- DETECTION OF ALKALOIDS ----1POWDERED CRUDE DRUGFILTRATEAqueous phase Organic phaseResidueOrange precipitateAlkaloid (+)White precipitateAlkaloid (+)DragendorffreagentMayer reagentin basic condition, extract with chloroformevaporate+ acidACIDIC EXTRACT, FOLLOWED BY ALKALI TREATMENT, IMMISCIBLE SOLVENT REACTION, AND PARTITION WITH DILUTE ACID.in acid solution, filter
- DETECTION OF ALKALOIDS ----2POWDERED CRUDE DRUGFILTRATESpot on filter paper Acidic solutionOrange spotAlkaloid (+)White precipitateAlkaloid (+)DragendorffreagentMayer reagent+ ammonia, grind in mortar
Aktifitas antibiotika dan analisa dari fitokimia pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yaitu dengan uji skrining ekstrak etanol dari daun, batang, bunga dan umbi tanaman binahong dan dibandingkan dengan ekstrak kapsul binahong yang dijual secara komersial. Ekstrak kapsul menggunakan dua larutan yaitu air dan etanol.